Any Ideas Regarding These Questions?

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I know we only discussed a little about the Roman Catholic church, (well not even discussed but just mentioned Pope Alexander and his son Cesar Borgia), but I have a question about the institution that bothers me for a long time. Any insights regarding my question? here it is:

We have discussed a little about Pope Alexander, Cesar Borgia and some characteristics of the Roman Catholic Church. He have discussed a little about how influential they are, their uprising and their fall. Before, the power to the throne on being the Pontiff is sometimes hereditary, sometimes also ill-gotten, we do not have rules of celibacy then, and the popes have their concubines and children. In spreading the views of Catholicism, rulers even killed the people who don't want to believe in Christian ideas, acts such as the Inquisition. These are the past characteristics of the Roman Catholic Church, I'm just wondering what triggered the "turning point" of this institution, that made it the Roman Catholic Church we knew today?

I always had this question in mind especially when I see billions of Catholics around the world.

I don't question their faith, but have we forgot the thousands of lives lost because of this particular institution? How many old aged traditions were wiped out from the face of the planet? The scientists condemned because of their inventions and theory which we later discovered were true?

I sometimes think if these catholics still know about these facts.

I think the Roman Catholic Church during those times and Catholic church now is a completely different institution. Because nothing could have changed the power of one of the influential institution then. Indeed, they are connected, but what I want to know is the "turning point" of this institution. Thank you

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